The Western Indian Ocean Route runs from mainland Africa and from island countries in the Indian Ocean towards Mayotte. Journeys along this route are often long and perilous, involving extended sea crossings with limited food and water, insecure boats, and a heavy reliance on smugglers. Compared to other routes on the African continent, the Western Indian Ocean Route remains understudied.

This report  examines the drivers of onward and mixed movement for refugees and migrants, routes and intentions, smuggling dynamics, and key risks along the Western Indian Ocean Route. It is based on 54 interviews and five focus group discussions with refugees and migrants in Tanzania, Madagascar, Comoros, and Mayotte and 26 key informant interviews with mixed movement stakeholders. The report was produced in partnership with UNHCR.