This report provides insights into the dynamics of Afghan returns—an area still poorly documented despite its impact on millions of Afghans. In the midst of concerted crackdowns on migrants in Iran, Pakistan, and other countries, millions of Afghans have returned to Afghanistan since 2023. Many of these returns have been involuntary, often accompanied by violence, confiscated assets, and other abuses. For some, it is the first time in decades they have set foot in Afghanistan; others, born abroad, are arriving