This research paper sheds light on the mixed migration landscape in Egypt, discussing trends, dynamics, and policy developments. Egypt occupies an important position along key mixed migration routes connecting East and the Horn of Africa to Europe, and is situated in an unstable geopolitical setting, with civil conflict in Sudan to the country’s south, instability in Libya to the west, and Israel’s war on Gaza to the east.

This paper is primarily based on desk research including academic literature, humanitarian situation overviews and reports, news media, op-ed’s, and investigative journalism pieces. In addition, 12 in-depth key informant interviews were conducted with experts representing UN agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), refugee-led organisations (RLOs), and civil society located in Cairo and Aswan to obtain key insights from actors on the ground. Finally, where relevant, references are made to MMC’s 4Mi data collected with Egyptians and other nationalities on the move who have transited through Egypt (interviewed in Greece), or with migrants in Sudan who are intending to move to Egypt.